Indigenous rights groups have argued that establishing a deadline is unfair, as it does not account forexpulsions
“We are aware of the interests of mining companies, ranchers and oil companies in our lands.
Indigenous people march in Brazil’s capital against bill limiting land rights周三，数百名原住民在巴西首都游行，手里拿着动物的图片，身上涂满了人体彩绘，敦促国会放弃一项有可能使土地分配瘫痪甚至逆转的拟议宪法修正案。
该法案旨在在宪法中增加一项由农业综合企业核心小组倡导的法律理论，即宪法颁布之日——1988 年 10 月 5 日——应该是原住民已经实际占领、索取的土地或为重新占领领土而合法斗争的最后期限。核心小组的立法者还声称，它为土地所有者提供了法律确定性。
原住民权利团体认为，设定最后期限是不公平的，因为它没有考虑到原住民人口的驱逐和被迫流离失所，尤其是在 20 世纪巴西农业边境扩张期间。
“我们意识到矿业公司、牧场主和石油公司在我们土地上的利益。如果这项法案通过，将有多少人的生命被摧毁？Munduruku 部落的原住民领袖 Alessandra Korap 告诉美联社。
2023 年 9 月 21 日，最高法院驳回了截止日期概念，该概念是圣卡塔琳娜州提起的诉讼的一部分。在获得多数票的投票中，路易斯·福克斯 （Luiz Fux） 法官认为，与原住民血统和传统有关的地区受到宪法保护，即使没有得到官方承认。这是原住民社区及其倡导者广泛庆祝的时刻。
裁决一周后，支持农业综合企业的立法者开始推动国会批准这一最后期限。其中一项倡议是拟议的宪法修正案，原住民运动担心该修正案将在未来几天内进行投票。
国会还在 12 月通过了一项法律，确定了 1988 年的最后期限。原住民运动和政党向最高法院提出上诉，但最高法院尚未就此事做出裁决。在国会的一次演讲中，宪法修正案的作者参议员 Hiran Gonçalves 表示，他的提案旨在彻底解决这个问题，从而结束法律不确定性。
巴西原住民权益组织负责人迪纳马姆·图萨 （Dinamam Tuxá） 告诉美联社，如果获得批准，该法案将导致暂停原住民土地划界，加剧社会环境冲突并增加森林砍伐。
On Sept. 21, 2023, the Supreme Court rejected the deadline concept, which formed part of a lawsuit brought by Santa Catarina state. In the vote that secured the majority, Justice Luiz Fux argued that areas connected to Indigenous ancestry and traditions are protected by the Constitution, even if not officially recognized. It was a moment of widespread celebration among Indigenous communities and their advocates.
One week after the ruling, pro-agribusiness lawmakers began pushing for congressional approval of the deadline. One initiative is the proposed constitutional amendment that the Indigenous movement fears will come up for a vote in the coming days.
Congress also passed a law in December that established the 1988 deadline. The Indigenous movement and political parties appealed to the Supreme Court, which hasn’t yet issued a ruling on the matter. During a speech in Congress, the author of the constitutional amendment, Sen. Hiran Gonçalves, stated that his proposal aims to settle the issue definitively, thereby ending legal uncertainty.
