效果管辖源于效果原则,它是指当公司在国外行为对国内产生“效果”时,就对其行使管辖权。
效果管辖可以译为effect jurisdiction,效果原则为effect doctrine。
其英文释义如下:
In essence, the effects doctrine holds that a state can assert jurisdiction over con- duct outside its borders where such conduct has the intended effect of causing a substantial adverse impact within the state's territory.
效果原则是美国法院在1948年的“美国铝公司”案中提出的。
在该案中,法国、瑞士、英国和加拿大的铝生产商在美国国外签订了一个国际卡特尔协议,分配铝的生产限额,影响到美国的商业。美国铝公司并未直接参与该卡特尔协议(只有其加拿大的子公司涉及该协议),但美国依据效果原则对美国铝公司等提起诉讼。美国法院在该案中认为,在美国国外订立的合同或行为如对美国商业有重大效果,美国法院就对该行为享有管辖权。这一原则后来又被立法所确认。德国、欧共体的有关国家也均接受并采纳这一原则。
效果原则实际上是以效果为基础的属地管辖,它是属地管辖原则的一种延伸适用。(属地管辖:属地管辖原则是一个国际法上的概念,指采取确定自然人、法人或其他组织等的司法管辖权的原则,即所在地还是所属国家有司法管辖权,肯定一方并排斥另一方的管辖权限。另外有属人管辖原则,属人兼属地的混合原则。Territorial jurisdiction, commonly referred to simply as jurisdiction or personal jurisdiction refers to the court’s power to bind the parties to the action. If jurisdiction is not found the case must be dismissed but can be re-filed in a court that does have jurisdiction.)
知识拓展
属人管辖Personal Jurisdiction
一般是指国家对于具有本国国籍的人的管辖,不论有关的行为发生在何处。这种管辖还扩大到国家对于具有本国国籍的法人,航空器,船舶,和外太空发射物及其所载人员的管辖。
Personal jurisdiction or in personam jurisdiction refers to a court's power over a person (or entity) who is a party to, or involved in, a case or controversy before the court, including its power to render judgments affecting that person's rights.
长臂管辖long arm jurisdiction
长臂管辖是美国民事诉讼中的一个概念。如果被告有意地在法院地作出产生责任的行为,并有权依据法院地法律取得权利或利益时,法院就对由该行为引起的诉讼拥有管辖权。开始时,用于法院对人的管辖权可以及于本州以外的外州人,主要用于交易行为和侵权行为;后来,不仅适用于美国州际之间诉讼,也扩大到国际上,包括对外国国民的长臂管辖。
According to U.S. domestic law, long-arm jurisdiction refers to jurisdiction over persons or entities domiciled or resident outside the territory of the sanctioning state. First established by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of International Shoe Co. V
以下为相关双语示例,供参考:
关于第11条,他建议说,根据人权案例法,案文应确保尊重生命权的义务不限于国家行使属地管辖权、效果管辖权的领域。
Turning to draft article 11, he suggested that, in accordance with human rights case law, the text should ensure that the obligation to respect the right to life was not limited to areas where States exercised territorial jurisdiction and effect jurisdiction.
转载自:红蓝律 作者:旗渡多语信息中心(出海信息服务)