视频加载中...Have you ever felt that heart-stopping panic when someone says, What was that? I lost you or Say that again? 你有没有感到过那种令人心碎的恐慌，当有人说，什么？我没跟上或者再说一遍？ I'm not following you. 我没跟上你说的。 It is stressful and frustrating when others can't follow our ideas. 当别人不能跟随我们的想法时，这是令人压力和沮丧的。 And yes, of course, it could be distracting background noise, making it difficult to hear, or perhaps someone is unfamiliar with a topic, but sometimes it's a lack of smooth transitions from one idea to the next. 当然，也有可能是背景噪音分散了注意力，让人听不清楚，也有可能是有人不熟悉某个话题，但有时是缺乏从一个观点到下一个观点的流畅过渡。 Let me show you what I mean. 让我告诉你我的意思。 Listen and read these examples. First, Helen walked to the store and bought groceries. 听并读这些例子。首先，海伦走到商店买杂货。 She went to the bank to pay her bills. She didn't go shopping. 她去银行付账了。她没有去购物。 There wasn't enough time. 没有足够的时间。 Compare those sentences to Helen walked to the store and bought some groceries. Then she went to the bank to pay her bills. However, she didn't go shopping since there wasn't enough time. 把这些句子和这句比较，海伦走到商店买了一些杂货。然后她去银行付账。然而，她没有去购物，因为时间不够。 What differences do you notice in those groups of sentences? 你注意到这些句子有什么不同？ Is one easier to understand than the other or does one have more clarity, more flow? 是一个比另一个更容易理解，还是一个更清晰、更流畅？ You may have noticed that I sprinkled in just a few extra words in that second example. I included the words then however, and since. 你可能已经注意到，我在第二个例子中只添加了几个额外的单词。包括了当时和从那以后这些词。 These small but mighty words are linking words, linking words, also known as sentence transitions or transition words, help your sentences to flow smoothly from one to another, allowing for improved clarity. 这些小而有力的词就是连接词，连接词也称为句子过渡词或过渡词，可以帮助您的句子顺畅地从一个句子流向另一个句子，从而提高句子的清晰度。 When you speak in English, those linking words allow your listeners to easily follow you as you transition from one sentence to another and another. 当你用英语说话时，当你从一个句子过渡到另一个句子时，这些连接词可以让你的听众很容易地跟随你。 In other words, they don't get lost. 换句话说，他们不会跟不上。 In this Confident English lesson today, you're going to learn eight ways to use linking words and phrases for those smooth, clear transitions when you speak in English. 在今天的自信英语课程中，您将学习八种使用连接词和短语的方法，以便在说英语时实现流畅、清晰的过渡。 And I'll give you multiple examples so you can use these sentence transitions with accuracy and confidence. 我会给你举很多例子，这样你就可以准确自信地使用这些句子过渡词。 Before we get started, if you don't already know, I'm Anne Marie with Speak Confident English. 在我们开始之前，如果你还不知道，我是说自信英语的安妮·玛丽。 Everything I do is designed to help you get the confidence you want for your life and work in English. 我所做的一切都是为了帮助你在英语生活和工作中获得你想要的信心。 One way I do that is with my weekly Confident English lessons where I share my top fluency and confidence-building strategies as well as tips for how to communicate with clarity in English just like in this lesson today. 我的方法之一就是通过每周的自信英语课程，分享我的顶级流利和自信培养策略，以及如何清晰地用英语交流的技巧，就像今天这堂课一样。 So if you find this lesson helpful to you, make sure that you give it a thumbs up here on YouTube and subscribe to my Speak Confident English YouTube channel so you never miss one of my Confident English lessons. 所以如果你觉得这节课对你有帮助，一定要在 YouTube 点赞，订阅我的自信英语 YouTube 频道，这样你就不会错过我的自信英语课。 Before we get into our eight different ways to use linking words, I want to answer two important questions. 在我们讨论使用连接词的八种不同方法之前，我想回答两个重要的问题。 Number one, why are linking words so important and number two, where do you put them in the sentence? So first, why are they so important? 第一，为什么连接单词如此重要，第二，你把它们放在句子的哪里？首先，为什么它们如此重要？ Linking words create smooth transitions from one sentence to another. In other words, they create a logical flow. 关联词能使一个句子顺利过渡到另一个句子。换句话说，它们创造了一种逻辑流程。 For example, they help us indicate whether we are making a comparison or identifying similarities between two things. 例如，它们可以帮助我们说明我们是在比较还是在确定两个事物之间的相似性。 They help us show contrast or indicate that we're adding on a detail, linking words indicate a sequence and also create cohesion. 它们可以帮助我们显示对比或表明我们正在添加一个细节，而关联词则表明顺序并产生连贯性。 They can draw attention to specific words and bring emphasis to what we're saying, and when used regularly, they act as a map helping your listeners follow you as you speak. 它们可以吸引注意力到特定的单词上，强调我们所说的，当经常使用时，它们就像一张地图，帮助你的听众在你说话的时候跟着你。 Not only is it important to use them, but we have to know where to put them in the sentence to ensure clarity and organization. 不仅要使用它们，我们还必须知道把它们放在句子的哪个位置，以确保句子清晰有序。 So whether you're writing or speaking aloud, linking words can be placed at the beginning of a sentence in between a sentence or an idea, and at the start of every major point in an argument for example. 所以不管你是在写作还是大声说话，连接词可以放在句子的开头，在句子或想法之间，例如，在论点的每个要点的开头。 Let's take a look at two sentences to highlight this. At first, the book introduces the history of psychology. 我们来看两句话来突出这一点。首先，这本书介绍了心理学的历史。 Later it shifts to contemporary studies and theories. 后来转向当代研究和理论。 In these two examples, we have linking words that come at the beginning of the sentence. 在这两个例子中，我们有连接词出现在句子的开头。 They also indicate the start of a new point. 它们也预示着一个新要点的开始。 This helps your listeners follow the flow of ideas and make connections between them. With that in mind, let's get to our first use of linking words to reiterate or repeat. 这可以帮助听众跟上语流，并在它们之间建立联系。有鉴于此，让我们开始第一次使用关联词来重申或重复。 From time to time, it may be necessary to repeat something that has already been said. 有时，可能需要重复一些已经说过的话。 We typically do this in an effort to clarify or draw attention to or bring emphasis to something that has been said previously. 我们通常这样做是为了澄清或引起注意或强调之前说过的话。 To indicate this, we have multiple linking words and phrases we can use, including as I already mentioned, as I've said, to repeat as Sarah said or like Sarah said, or simply again, let's look at how we might use these in an example sentence. 为了表明这一点，我们可以使用多个连接词和短语，包括我已经提到的，正如我所说的，重复莎拉说过的，或者像莎拉说过的，或者再简单一点，让我们看看如何在例句中使用这些。 Imagine you're at a meeting discussing your company's social media strategy, and in that meeting, a coworker suggests a change in response, you say, as Linny said, we should wait for more data before making any major changes to our strategy. 想象一下，你正在开会讨论公司的社交媒体战略，在那次会议上，一位同事建议做出回应，你说，正如 Linny 所说，我们应该在对我们的战略做出任何重大改变之前等待更多数据。 The second use of linking words and phrases is to create a sequence. 连接单词和短语的第二个用途是创建一个序列。 A sequence helps us understand the order of events, and if you're communicating multiple ideas, it's important for others to understand the timing or the sequence. 顺序可以帮助我们理解事件发生的先后顺序，如果你要传达多个观点，那么让他人理解时间或顺序就很重要。 Using linking words effectively not only allows for those smoother transitions, but it also allows your listeners to follow your train of thought and understand the timing or the sequence. 有效地使用连接词不仅可以实现更平滑的过渡，但它也可以让你的听众跟随你的思路，理解时间或顺序。 Common linking words we use for this include first, second, third, last, before, beforehand, after, afterward, then, next, at the same time, meanwhile and many more. 我们常用的连接词包括第一、第二、第三、最后、之前、之前、之后、之后、然后、下一个、同时、同时等等。 If you want to get additional examples of linking words you can use to indicate sequence, I recommend you visit this lesson at the Speak Confident English website where I've also included a written portion with more examples than what I've shared here and now. 如果你想获得更多可以用来指示序列的连接词的例子，我建议你访问说自信英语网站上的这节课我还附上了书面部分，其中的例子比我在这里分享的更多。 Let's consider another scenario so we can see how these would be used in a sentence. 让我们考虑另一个场景，这样我们就可以看到这些在句子中是如何使用的。 Think about the last time you made a recipe perhaps for baking a cake or baking some cookies. In sharing that recipe, someone very likely used sequencing words to help you understand the order of steps. 想想你上次做了一个食谱，也许是为了烤蛋糕或烤饼干。在分享这个食谱时，很可能有人使用了顺序词来帮助你理解步骤的顺序。 For example, first mix the butter and sugar together, then add the eggs one at a time. Without those transitions, it's possible that recipe could go terribly wrong. 例如，首先将黄油和糖混合在一起，然后一次加入一个鸡蛋。如果没有这些连接词，食谱可能会出错。 Our third use of linking words is to express conditions. 关联词的第三个用法是表达条件。 In other words, one thing may only be true or may only occur due to another. For example, if you're discussing plans on starting a business, you might say to someone. 换句话说，一件事可能只是真的，也可能只是因为另一件事而发生。例如，如果你正在讨论创业计划，你可能会对某人说. I'm on track to starting my business next year so long as I continue saving money and we don't have a downturn in the economy, one thing will only happen so long as another thing occurs or doesn't occur. 只要我继续存钱，没有经济衰退，一件事只会发生，只要另一件事发生或不发生。 There's a condition. 有一个条件。 Other linking words and phrases we can use for this include as long as, granted or provided that, in the event that, if and then, that structure we typically use with conditional sentences and lest. 为此，我们还可以使用其他关联词和短语，如 "只要"（as long as）、"如果"（grants or provided that）、"万一"（in the event that）、"如果"（if）和 "然后"（then），我们通常在条件句和 "免得"（lest）中使用的结构。 And now use number four, we use linking words to provide support or to illustrate. 现在第四点，我们用连接词来提供支持或说明。 I'm quite sure you already use quite a few linking words that help you provide support. 我很确定你已经使用了相当多的连接词来帮助你提供支持。 One very common one is, for example or such as these transitions allow you to share examples to expand on your ideas or provide support for your particular opinion or idea. 其中一个非常常见的过渡句是 "例如 "或 "比如"，通过这些过渡句，可以分享实例来扩展观点，或为特定观点或想法提供支持。 Additional examples of this include, for instance, in other words, to put it differently, to put it another way, that is to say, and namely. 这方面的其他例子包括，例如，换句话说，换一种说法，也就是，也就是。 If you want a few more examples, I recommend visiting this lesson at the Speak Comfort English website. 如果您还想了解更多示例，我建议您访问 Speak Comfort English 网站上的这一课。 Once again, I've listed several more there in writing. 我再次以书面形式列出了另外几处。 As I mentioned earlier in this lesson, linking words allow us to indicate whether we're drawing comparisons or highlighting contrasts, and that is exactly what we're going to look at with use number five. 正如我在本课前面提到的，关联词可以让我们表明我们是在进行比较还是在强调对比，这正是我们要研究的第五个用法。 We'll look at a series of linking words and phrases that help bring focus to a comparison or contrast. 我们将学习一系列连接单词和短语，这些单词和短语有助于集中注意力进行比较或对比。 If we want to highlight contrast, here are a few examples of linking words you can use, in contrast, on the contrary, on the one hand and on the other hand, even so, or even though, in spite of, unlike, but however, and whereas. 如果我们想突出对比，以下是一些可以使用的关联词示例：in contrast、on the contrary、on the one hand and on the other hand、even so、or even though、in spite of、unlike、but however、whereas。 Let's take a look at an example sentence and then we'll talk about linking words we use for comparisons. 让我们看一个例句，然后我们将讨论用于比较的链接词。 Let's go back to that scenario of being in a meeting where you're discussing your company's social media policy. 让我们回到会议上讨论公司社交媒体政策的场景。 Perhaps you're trying to convince your coworkers to make a change, and in doing so, you might say, on the one hand, there are benefits to waiting until we see the data, but on the other hand, the longer we wait, the more we risk losing our audience. 也许你正试图说服同事做出改变，在此过程中，你可能会说，一方面，等到我们看到数据后会有好处，但另一方面，我们等得越久，就越有可能失去听众。 Now, when we want to address similarities or make comparisons, here are several examples of linking words you can use, likewise, like, similarly in comparison, in the same manner or in the same way, and just as. 现在，当我们要讨论相似性或进行比较时，这里有几个可以使用的关联词示例：likewise（同样）、like（像）、similarly in comparison（类似于）、in the same manner or in the same way（以同样的方式或以同样的方式）和 just as（就像）。 For example, let's say you and your partner are narrowing down your options for a property you'd like to purchase. In your conversation, you might say. 例如，假设你和你的伴侣正在缩小你想购买的房产的选择范围。在你的谈话中，你可能会说。 Just as the first house we looked at is by the water and has great views, the last house has the same, It's just a bit cheaper. 我们看的第一栋房子在水边，景色很好，最后一栋房子也一样，只是便宜一点。 Our sixth use for linking words is to add on or to expand an idea, and once again, I'm quite sure you're using many of these linking words already. 关联词的第六种用法是补充或扩展一个概念，我再次肯定，你们已经使用了很多这样的关联词。 This list includes, in addition to, additionally, furthermore, moreover, also, plus and as well as. 该列表包括 "此外"、"另外"、"进一步"、"此外"、"还"、"加上 "和 "以及"。 Imagine you're telling a friend all the reasons she should watch your favorite show and in order to convince her you want to add on multiple reasons. 想象一下，你正在告诉一个朋友应该看你最喜欢的节目的所有理由，为了说服她，你想添加多个理由。 Here's how you might do that. 你可以这样做。 This show focuses on real stories and retail's events in an exciting way, plus the actors are great. 该节目以一种激动人心的方式聚焦真实故事和零售业事件，而且演员们也非常出色。 Our seventh use on this list today is to emphasize or draw attention to something that is important. 我们今天在这个列表上的第七个用法是强调或引起人们对重要事情的注意。 To do that we use linking words and phrases such as, it's important to realize, indeed, in fact, of course, in truth, surely and besides. 为此，我们使用了一些关联词和短语，如 "必须认识到"、"的确"、"事实上"、"当然"、"事实上"、"肯定 "和 "此外"。 For example, let's say a coworker really needed some help, so you have decided to take on some of her workload, but oh, she's feeling kind of bad and guilty, so you want to reassure her. 例如，假设一个同事真的需要一些帮助，所以你决定承担她的一些工作量，但是哦，她感觉有点糟糕和内疚，所以你想让她放心。 In doing that, you might say, Don't worry about any of this besides Kiko will be helping me as well, and now use number eight for linking words is to conclude or summarize. 在这样做的时候，你可能会说，不要担心这些， Kiko 也会帮助我，现在，使用第八个关联词就是结尾或总结。 When you shared multiple ideas, it's always useful to summarize the key points and highlight that final conclusion to help you do that effectively and tell your audience precisely what is happening. 当你分享多个想法时，总结要点并突出最终结论总是有用的，以帮助你有效地做到这一点，并准确地告诉你的观众正在发生什么。 Let them know that you are now summarizing the key details or you're bringing them to the concluding point. 让他们知道，你现在正在总结关键细节，或者你正在把他们带到结论点。 You can use these linking words and phrases to summarize in brief, in short, in essence, overall and to sum up, these are all useful. 您可以使用这些关联词和短语来简要概括、简短概括、本质概括、总体概括和总结，这些都很有用。 To help your audience understand that you are going to summarize or restate the key points. For example, let's say you're coming to the end of a long presentation and you want to reiterate the key points. 帮助听众理解你要总结或重申的要点。举个例子，假设你的长篇演讲即将结束，你想重申一下要点。 You can do that by saying, in brief, we can cut carbon emissions by carpooling using renewable energy sources and upgrading our homes to be energy efficient. 你可以这样做，简而言之，我们可以通过拼车、使用可再生能源和提升住宅能效来减少碳排放。 After you've done that, you can go on to a clear conclusion and use linking words such as in conclusion, to conclude, finally, thus, therefore, and as a result. 完成后，你可以继续得出一个清晰的结论，并使用连接词，如在结论中，结束，最后，因此，因此，结果。 If we were to continue those sentences where you summarized your presentation, your final sentence might be to conclude, cutting carbon emissions at home is an easy and small step we should all take. 如果我们继续你总结发言的那些句子，你的最后一句可能是这样总结的：在家里减少碳排放是我们每个人都应该采取的简单而微小的步骤。 To finish this lesson on linking words and linking phrases that allow you to speak with clarity and have smooth transitions, let's talk about how you can practice this. 本课的最后，我们来谈谈如何练习连接词和连接短语，让您的语言清晰流畅，顺利过渡。 I want you to first identify a topic that you feel particularly passionate about. It could be something related to politics. 我想让你先确定一个你特别感兴趣的话题。它可能与政治有关。 It could be a situation happening at work where you have a potential solution or an idea you'd like to share. 这可能是工作中发生的情况，你有一个潜在的解决方案或一个你想分享的想法。 Spend a couple of minutes doing a mind map or writing down the key points to your argument or what you might want to share with someone to convince them that you have the right idea. 花几分钟做一个思维导图，或者写下你论点的要点，或者你可能想和某人分享的东西，让他们相信你有正确的想法。 Once you have those key points down, try to expand on them, add support. 一旦你有了这些关键点，试着扩展它们，增加论点。 Maybe you've had a past experience or there's something you've read, heard, or some data that supports your position. 也许你有过去的经历，或者你读过、听过的东西，或者一些支持你立场的数据。 Write that information down as well. Then when you're ready, I want you to practice talking about it out loud. 把这些信息也写下来。然后当你准备好了，我要你练习大声说出来。 Share your thoughts on that political situation, Share your idea out loud, and most importantly, record it. 分享你对政治形势的想法，大声分享你的想法，最重要的是，记录下来。 While you do that, try to sprinkle in some of these linking words to reiterate an important topic or to expand on an idea, to add an example or to summarize. 当你这样做的时候，试着加入一些连接词来重申一个重要的话题或扩展一个想法，添加一个例子或总结。 Once you've done it, you can stop the recording and then go back and listen to it. 一旦你完成了，你可以停止录音，然后回去听。 Pay attention to the linking words that you used and also evaluate. 注意你使用的连接词，也要评估。 Are there opportunities where you could have used more? 你有没有机会利用更多的连接词？ Following this process is one of the most effective ways you can improve your communication skills and make sure you're using those smooth transitions. 遵循这一流程是提高沟通技巧、确保顺利过渡的最有效方法之一。 If you found this lesson helpful to you today, I would love to know. 如果你觉得今天这节课对你有帮助，我很想知道。 You can always give it a thumbs up here on YouTube and don't forget, subscribe to this channel as well so you never miss one of my Confident English lessons. 你可以随时在这里点赞，别忘了，订阅这个频道，这样你就不会错过我的自信英语课。 Thank you so much for joining me, and I look forward to seeing you next time. 非常感谢你加入我，我期待着下次见到你。